Civil Rights: Desegregation of Public Education/title>  </head> <body> <table width="100%" height="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td height="12">  <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="12"><img src="/templates/images/schaduw_boven_links_blanco.jpg" width="12" height="12" alt=""></td> <td width="24"><img src="/templates/images/schaduw_boven_bocht_links.jpg" width="24" height="12" alt=""></td> <td background="/templates/images/schaduw_boven.jpg"><img src="/templates/images/spacer.gif" width="12" height="12" alt=""></td> <td width="24"><img src="/templates/images/schaduw_boven_bocht_rechts.jpg" width="24" height="12" alt=""></td> <td width="12"><img src="/templates/images/schaduw_boven_rechts_blanco.jpg" width="12" height="12" alt=""></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="73"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="12"><img src="/templates/images/schaduw_header_links.jpg" width="12" height="73" alt=""></td> <td width="190" style="background-repeat:no-repeat;"><a href="http://www.lessius-ho.be" target="_blank"><img src="/templates/images/header_lessius.jpg" width="190" height="73" border="0"></a></td> <td align="center" background="/templates/images/header_asc_bg.gif"><a href="/index.htm"><img src="/templates/images/header_asc.gif" width="350" height="73" border="0" alt="logo Lessius American Studies Center"></a></td> <td width="180" background="/templates/images/header_search_bg.gif" style="background-repeat:no-repeat"> <form name="form1" method="get" action="http://www.google.com/search" target="_blank" style="display:inline"> <input type="text" name="q" value="" maxlength="100" style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:11px; border-color:#E4E6D6;" size="15"> <a href="javascript:document.form1.submit()" style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:11px; text-decoration:none "> <strong><font color="#CC0000">Search</font></strong></a> <input type="hidden" name="domains" value="www.lasc.be"><input type="hidden" name="sitesearch" value="www.lasc.be" checked> </form> </td> <td width="12"><img src="/templates/images/schaduw_header_rechts.jpg" width="12" height="73" alt=""></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="21"> <table width="100%" height="18" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"> <tr> <td width="12"><img src="/templates/images/schaduw_links.jpg" width="12" height="21"></td> <td height="21" align="center" bgcolor="#006699"> <table height="16" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="32%"> </td> <td width="5%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="/index.htm"><span class="mmhide_topmenu">Home</span></a></td> <td width="5%" align="center"><span class="mmhide_topmenu">|</span></td> <td width="5%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="/news/index.htm"><span class="mmhide_topmenu">News</span></a></td> <td width="5%" align="center"><span class="mmhide_topmenu">|</span></td> <td width="5%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="/events/index.htm"><span class="mmhide_topmenu">Events</span></a></td> <td width="5%" align="center"><span class="mmhide_topmenu">|</span></td> <td width="5%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="/contact.htm"><span class="mmhide_topmenu">Contact</span></a></td> <td width="31%" align="right" style="color:white;">updated: 07/05/2005</td> <td width="2%"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="12" background="/templates/images/schaduw_rechts.jpg"> </td> </tr> </table> </tr> <tr> <td height="15"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="12" background="/templates/images/schaduw_links.jpg"><img src="/templates/images/spacer.gif" width="12" height="15"></td> <td height="15" bgcolor="white"><img src="/templates/images/spacer.gif" width="12" height="15"></td> <td width="12" background="/templates/images/schaduw_rechts.jpg"><img src="/templates/images/spacer.gif" width="12" height="15"></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" height="100%"> <tr valign="top"> <td width="12" background="/templates/images/schaduw_links.jpg"> </td> <td> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" height="100%" width="100%"> <tr valign="top"> <td bgcolor="white" width="100%"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="100%"> <tr valign="top"> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="192"><img src="/templates/images/linkerbalk2_bg.jpg" width="190" height="460" border="0" usemap="#Map" href="/arts/"> </td> <td width="20"> </td> <td valign="top"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="100%" height="100%"> <tr valign="top"> <td> <p class="mmhide_paginatitel">Civil Rights Act - Title 4: Desegregation of Public Education</p> <p> </p>  <p style="margin-bottom: 0">Definitions </p> <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Sec. 401. As used in this title -- <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">(a) "Commissioner" means the Commissioner of Education. <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">(b) "Desegregation" means the assignment of students to public schools and within such schools without regard to their race, <br> color, religion, or national origin, but "desegregation" shall not mean the assignment of students to public schools in order to <br> overcome racial imbalance. <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">(c) "Public school" means any elementary or secondary educational institution, and "public college" means any institution of <br> higher education or any technical or vocational school above the secondary school level, provided that such public school or <br> public college is operated by a State, subdivision of a State, or governmental agency within a State, or operated wholly or <br> predominantly from or through the use of governmental funds or property, or funds or property derived from a governmental <br> source. <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">(d) "School board" means any agency or agencies which administer a system of one or more public schools and any other <br> agency which is responsible for the assignment of students to or within such system. <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Survey and Report of Educational Opportunities <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Sec. 402. The Commissioner shall conduct a survey and make a report to the President and the Congress, within two years of <br> the enactment of this title concerning the lack of availability of equal educational opportunities for individuals by reason of race, <br> color religion, or national origin in public educational institutions at all levels in the United States, its territories and possessions, <br> and the District of Columbia. <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Technical Assistance <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Sec. 403. The Commissioner is authorized, upon the application of any school board, State, municipality, school district, or <br> other governmental unit legally responsible for operating a public school or schools, to render technical assistance to such <br> applicant in the preparation, adoption, and implementation of plans for the desegregation of public schools. Such technical <br> assistance may, among other activities, include making available to such agencies information regarding effective methods of <br> coping with special educational problems occasioned by desegregation, and making available to such agencies personnel of the <br> Office of Education or other persons specially equipped to advise and assist them in coping with such problems. <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Training Institutes <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Sec. 404. The Commissioner is authorized to arrange, through grants or contracts, with institutions of higher education for the <br> operation of short-term or regular session institutes for special training designed to improve the ability of teachers, supervisors, <br> counselors, and other elementary or secondary school personnel to deal effectively with special educational problems <br> occasioned by desegregation. Individuals who attend such an institute on a full-time basis may be paid stipends for the period of <br> their attendance at such institute in amounts specified by the Commissioner in regulations, including allowances for travel to <br> attend such institute. <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Grants <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Sec. 405. (a) The Commissioner is authorized, upon application of a school board, to make grants to such board to pay, in <br> whole or in part, the cost of -- <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">(1) giving to teachers and other school personnel inservice training in dealing with problems incident to desegregation, and <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">(2) employing specialists to advise in problems incident to desegregation. <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">(b) In determining whether to make a grant, and in fixing the amount thereof and the terms and conditions on which it will be <br> made, the Commissioner shall take into consideration the amount available for grants under this section and the other <br> applications which are pending before him; the financial condition of the applicant and the other resources available to it; the <br> nature, extent, and gravity of its problems incident to desegregation; and such other factors as he finds relevant. <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Payments <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Sec. 406. Payments pursuant to a grant or contract under this title may be made (after necessary adjustments on account of <br> previously made overpayments or underpayments) in advance or by way of reimbursement, and in such installments, as the <br> Commissioner may determine. <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Suits by the Attorney General <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Sec. 407. (a) Whenever the Attorney General receives a complaint in writing -- <p style="margin-top:0;">(1) signed by a parent or group of parents to the effect that his or their minor children, as members of a class of persons similarly situated, are being deprived by a school board of the equal protection of the laws, or <p style="margin-bottom: 0;">(2) signed by an individual, or his parent, to the effect that he has been denied admission to or not permitted to continue in attendance at a public college by reason of race, color, religion, or national origin, <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">and the Attorney General believes the complaint is meritorious and certifies that the signer or signers of such complaint are unable, in his judgment, to initiate and maintain appropriate legal proceedings for relief and that the institution of an action will materially further the orderly achievement of desegregation in public education, the Attorney General is authorized, after giving notice of such complaint to the appropriate school board or college authority and after certifying that he is satisfied that such board or authority has had a reasonable time to adjust the conditions alleged in such complaint, to institute for or in the name of the United States a civil action in any appropriate district court of the United States against such parties and for such relief as may be appropriate, and such court shall have and shall exercise jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this section, provided that nothing herein shall empower any official or court of the United States to issue any order seeking to achieve a racial balance in any school by requiring the transportation of pupils or students from one school to another or one school district to another in order to achieve such racial balance, or otherwise enlarge the existing power of the court to insure compliance with constitutional standards. The Attorney General may implead as defendants such additional parties as are or become necessary to the grant of effective relief hereunder. <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">(b) The Attorney General may deem a person or persons unable to initiate and maintain appropriate legal proceedings within the meaning of subsection (a) of this section when such person or persons are unable, either directly or through other interested persons or organizations, to bear the expense of the litigation or to obtain effective legal representation; or whenever he is satisfied that the institution of such litigation would jeopardize the personal safety, employment, or economic standing of such person or persons, their families, or their property. <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">(c) The term "parent" as used in this section includes any person standing in loco parentis. A "complaint" as used in this section is a writing or document within the meaning of section 1001, title 18, United States Code. <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Sec. 408. In any action or proceeding under this title the United States shall be liable for costs the same as a private person. <p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;">Sec. 409. Nothing in this title shall affect adversely the right of any person to sue for or obtain relief in any court against discrimination in public education. <p style="margin-top:0;">Sec. 410. Nothing in this title shall prohibit classification and assignment for reasons other than race, color, religion, or national origin. </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0;"><a href="civrightsact.htm">Back to Civil Rights Act</a></p> </td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="5"> <p>  </p> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="25"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="12" background="/templates/images/schaduw_rechts.jpg"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="12">  <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="12"><img src="/templates/images/schaduw_onder_links_blanco.jpg" width="12" height="12" alt=""></td> <td background="/templates/images/schaduw_onder.jpg"><img src="/templates/images/spacer.gif" width="12" height="12" alt=""></td> <td width="12"><img src="/templates/images/schaduw_onder_rechts_blanco.jpg" alt="" width="12" height="12"></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <map name="Map"> <area shape="rect" coords="13,120,81,133" href="/geography/"> <area shape="rect" coords="12,146,60,160" href="/history/"> <area shape="rect" coords="13,170,175,186" href="/settlement/"> <area shape="rect" coords="14,197,84,212" href="/civilrights/"> <area shape="rect" coords="13,224,132,237" href="/government/"> <area shape="rect" coords="13,249,72,264" href="/economy/"> <area shape="rect" coords="13,275,107,289" href="/socialservices/"> <area shape="rect" coords="13,301,77,315" href="/education/"> <area shape="rect" coords="15,328,76,342" href="/media/"> <area shape="rect" coords="13,354,64,370" href="/religion/"> <area shape="rect" coords="14,380,144,393" href="/arts/"> </map> </body> </html>